Submissions from 2013
Moments of magic require culture change, Larrie Greenberg, Katherine Tully, Jennifer Keller, and Benjamin Blatt
Online professionalism investigations by state medical boards: First, do no harm, S. Ryan Greysen, David Johnson, Terry Kind, Katherine C. Chretien, Cary P. Gross, Aaron Young, and Humayun J. Chaudhry
Women with inflammatory bowel disease do not receive adequate cervical cancer screening or pregnancy counseling, Ruby Greywoode, Jeffery LaFond, Sean Al-Bawardy, David Jencks, Shervin Shafa, and Marie L. Borum
Ofloxacin solution for persistent exit-site and tunnel infection in peritoneal dialysis., Alina Gruia and Susie Q. Lew
Decreased respiratory rate variability during mechanical ventilation is associated with increased mortality., Guillermo Gutierrez, Aparna Das, Guillermo Ballarino, Arshan Beyzaei-Arani, Hulya Turkan, Marian Wulf-Gutierrez, Katherine Rider, Hatice Kaya, and Richard Amdur
Decreased respiratory rate variability during mechanical ventilation is associated with increased mortality, Guillermo Gutierrez, Aparna Das, Guillermo Ballarino, Arshan Beyzaei-Arani, Hulya Turkan, Marian Wulf-Gutierrez, Katherine Rider, Hatice Kaya, and Richard L. Amdur
Fibrinogen may mediate the association between long sleep duration and coronary heart disease, Lauren Hale, Victoria Parente, Jennifer Beam Dowd, Megan Sands, Jeffrey S. Berger, Yiqing Song, Lisa W. Martin, and Matthew A. Allison
Comparing hormone therapy effects in two RCTs and two large observational studies that used similar methods for comprehensive data collection and outcome assessment, Arthur Hartz, Tao He, Robert Wallace, and John H. Powers
Enhanced human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell functions in novel 3D cartilage scaffolds with hydrogen treated mult-walled carbon nanotubes, Benjamin Holmes, Nathan J. Castro, Jian Li, Michael Keidar, and Lijie Grace Zhang
Factors related to biopsy willingness in patients with advanced cancer in a phase 1 clinic for molecularly targeted therapy., David S. Hong, Goldy C. George, Eucharia C. Iwuanyanwu, Bahareh Tavana, Gerald S. Falchook, Sarina A. Piha-Paul, Jennifer J. Wheler, Reena H. Mistry, Xiudong Lei, and Razelle Kurzrock
The human hookworm vaccine, Peter J. Hotez, David Diemert, Kristina M. Bacon, Coreen Beaumier, Jeffrey M. Bethony, Maria Elena Bottazzi, Simon Brooker, Artur Roberto Couto, Marcos da Silva Freire, Akira Homma, Bruce Y. Lee, Alex Loukas, Marva Loblack, Carlos Medicis Morel, Rodrigo Correa Oliveira, and Philip K. Russell
Understanding the Tobacco Control Act: Efforts by the US Food and Drug Administration to make tobacco-related morbidity and mortality part of the USA's past, not its future, Corinne G. Husten and Lawrence R. Deyton
[Treatment of recurrent large external genital warts in men]., K. S. Ibishev and M. I. Kogan
Commentary, Michael S. Irwig
Decreased alcohol consumption among former male users of finasteride with persistent sexual side effects: A preliminary report, Michael S. Irwig
Male hypogonadism and skeletal health, Michael S. Irwig
Identifying predictors of hepatic disease in patients after the Fontan operation: A postmortem analysis., Jennifer A. Johnson, Frank Cetta, Rondell P. Graham, Thomas C. Smyrk, David J. Driscoll, Sabrina D. Phillips, and Anitha S. John
Evaluating oral case presentations using a checklist: how do senior student-evaluators compare with faculty?, Seema P. Kakar, Jillian S. Catalanotti, Andrea L. Flory, Samuel J. Simmens, Karen L. Lewis, Matthew L. Mintz, Yolanda C. Haywood, and Benjamin C. Blatt
Foreign body aspiration presenting with asthma-like symptoms, Jennifer C. Kam, Vikram Doriswamy, Javier F. Dieguez, Joan Dabu, Matthew Cholankeril, Mayur Govind, Richard Miller, and Marc Adelman
Role of interleukin-32 in chronic rhinosinusitis, Anjeni Keswani, Robert C. Kern, Robert P. Schleimer, and Atsushi Kato
[Comparative analysis of the efficacy and safety of percutaneous nephrolithotomy for staghorn calculi]., A. V. Khasigov, I. I. Belousov, and M. I. Kogan
The weather and quality of life in ESRD patients: Everybody talks about it, but does anybody do anything about it?, Paul L. Kimmel
Segregation, income disparities, and survival in hemodialysis patients, Paul L. Kimmel, Chyng-Wen Fwu, and Paul W. Eggers
Comparison of long-term outcomes between everolimus-eluting and sirolimus-eluting stents in small vessels., Hironori Kitabata, Joshua P. Loh, Gabriel L. Sardi, Salem Badr, Danny Dvir, Israel M. Barbash, Lakshmana K. Pendyala, Sa'ar Minha, Rebecca Torguson, Fang Chen, Lowell F. Satler, William O. Suddath, Kenneth M. Kent, Augusto D. Pichard, and Ron Waksman
A worldwide survey to assess the current approach to the treatments of cancer and venous thromboembolism, A. Kleinjan, Anita Aggarwal, A. Van de Geer, Charles Faselis, H. R. Buller, M. Di Nisio, F. R. Rickles, and P. W. Kamphuisen
[Contact ureterolithotripsy: updating and traditions]., M. I. Kogan, I. I. Belousov, and V. K. Khvan
[Results of treatment of patients with prostatic adenoma using silodosin based on an assessment of the phenotype of male sexuality]., M. I. Kogan and A. I. Kireev
Interactive effects of fitness and statin treatment on mortality risk in veterans with dyslipidaemia: a cohort study, Peter F. Kokkinos, Charles Faselis, Jonathan Myers, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, and Michael Doumas
Determine TB-LAM lateral flow urine antigen assay for HIV-associated tuberculosis: Recommendations on the design and reporting of clinical studies, Stephen D. Lawn, Keertan Dheda, Andrew D. Kerkhoff, Jonathan G. Peter, Susan Dorman, Catharina C. Boehme, and Mark P. Nicol
The emergence of ambulatory measurement of arterial stiffness and central blood pressure: A promising novelty of clinical importance or just another marker?, Antonios Lazaridis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Michael N. Doumas, Andromachi Reklou, and A. Karagiannis
Support your boss, Mark Lerner
Mediterranean and DASH diet scores and mortality in women with heart failure the women s health initiative, Emily B. Levitan, Cora E. Lewis, Lesley F. Tinker, Charles B. Eaton, Ali Ahmed, Joann E. Manson, Linda G. Snetselaar, Lisa W. Martin, Maurizio Trevisan, Barbara V. Howard, and James M. Shikany
Calcium, magnesium and potassium intake and mortality in women with heart failure: The Women's Health Initiative, Emily B. Levitan, James M. Shikany, Ali Ahmed, Linda G. Snetselaar, Lisa W. Martin, J. David Curb, and Cora E. Lewis
Diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease in women, Jannet F. Lewis and C. Noel Bairey Merz
Role of echocardiography in evaluation of women with chest pain, Jannet F. Lewis and Brian G. Choi
Are patients prepared to use telemedicine in home peritoneal dialysis programs?, S. Q. Lew and N. Sikka
Ofloxacin solution for persistent exit-site and tunnel infection in peritoneal dialysis, Susie Q. Lew and Alina Gruia
Simultaneous pancreas kidney transplants in diabetic patients with end-stage renal disease: the 20-yr experience., Jimmy Light and Marvin Tucker
Growth in medicare expenditures for patients with acute myocardial infarction: A comparison of 1998 through 1999 and 2008, Donald S. Likosky, Weiping Zhou, David J. Malenka, William B. Borden, Brahmajee K. Nallamothu, and Jonathan S. Skinner
Targeting epigenetics for the treatment of prostate cancer: Recent progress and future directions, Jianqing Lin, Chenguang Wang, and Wm Kevin Kelly
Prostate cancer biomarker: A key field to explore, Jianqing Lin, Hushan Yang, and William K. Kelly
A non-comparative randomized phase II study of 2 doses of ATN-224, a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase inhibitor, in patients with biochemically recurrent hormone-naïve prostate cancer, Jianqing Lin, Marianna Zahurak, Tomasz M. Beer, Charles J. Ryan, George Wilding, Paul Mathew, Michael Morris, Jennifer A. Callahan, Gilad Gordon, Steven D. Reich, Michael A. Carducci, and Emmanuel S. Antonarakis
Imputation of coding variants in African Americans: better performance using data from the exome sequencing project, Eric Yi Liu, Paul L. Auer, Guosheng Zhang, Ethan M. Lange, Goo Jun, Lisa W. Martin, and +28 additional authors
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: A possible role for the HPV vaccine?, Jonathan M. Lively and Rahul K. Shah
Plasma IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 may be imprecise surrogates for breast concentrations: an analysis of healthy women., Adana A. Llanos, Theodore M. Brasky, Ramona G. Dumitrescu, Catalin Marian, Kepher H. Makambi, Bhaskar V.S. Kallakury, Scott L. Spear, David J. Perry, Raphael J. Convit, Mary E. Platek, Lucile L. Adams-Campbell, Jo L. Freudenheim, and Peter G. Shields
Safety of Reloading Prasugrel in Addition to Clopidogrel Loading in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention., Joshua P. Loh, Lakshmana K. Pendyala, Hironori Kitabata, Rebecca Torguson, Fang Chen, Kenneth M. Kent, Lowell F. Satler, William O. Suddath, Augusto D. Pichard, and Ron Waksman
Assessment of competency in electrocardiogram interpretation of graduating physician assistant students., Erin L Lundberg, Alex Stagnaro-Green, Yilong Zhang, Susan LeLacheur, and Robert Jablonover
D5 dopamine receptor decreases NADPH oxidase, reactive oxygen species and blood pressure via heme oxygenase-1, Quansheng Lu, Yu Yang, Van Anthony Villar, Laureano Asico, John E. Jones, Peiying Yu, Hewang Li, Edward J. Weinman, Gilbert M. Eisner, and Pedro A. Jose
Applying the Bookmark method to medical education: Standard setting for an aseptic technique station, Monica L. Lypson, Steven M. Downing, Larry D. Gruppen, and Rachel Yudkowsky
An ethical argument for preserving medical trainee authorship, Monica L. Lypson and Ingrid Philibert
Synergy to Reduce Emergency Department Visits for Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia., Michelle F. Magee, Carine M. Nassar, James Copeland, Ali Fokar, John M. Sharretts, Jeffery S. Dubin, and Mark S. Smith
Innovative use of self-expanded polytetrafluoroethylene endoprosthesis for percutaneous endovascular interventions., Gabriel Maluenda, Ron Waksman, and Nelson L. Bernardo
Clinical and laboratory features distinguishing juvenile polymyositis and muscular dystrophy, Gulnara Mamyrova, James D. Katz, Robert V. Jones, Ira N. Targoff, Peter A. Lachenbruch, Olcay Y. Jones, Frederick W. Miller, and Lisa G. Rider
Menopausal hormone therapy and health outcomes during the intervention and extended poststopping phases of the Women's Health Initiative randomized trials, Joann E. Manson, Rowan T. Chlebowski, Marcia L. Stefanick, Aaron K. Aragaki, Jacques E. Rossouw, Lisa W. Martin, and +25 additional authors
Design of the liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: Evaluation of cardiovascular outcome results (LEADER) trial, Steven P. Marso, Neil R. Poulter, Steven E. Nissen, Michael A. Nauck, Bernard Zinman, Gilbert H. Daniels, Stuart Pocock, William M. Steinberg, Richard Bergenstal, Johannes F.E. Mann, Lasse Steen Ravn, Kirstine Brown Frandsen, Alan C. Moses, and John B. Buse
Genomic profiling reveals the potential role of TCL1A and MDR1 Deficiency in chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, Timothy A. McCaffrey, Constantine Tziros, Jannet Lewis, Richard Katz, Robert S. Siegel, William B. Weglicki, Jay H. Kramer, I. Tong Mak, Ian Toma, Liang Chen, Elizabeth Benas, Alexander Lowitt, Shruti Rao, Linda Witkin, Yi Lian, Zhaoqing Yang, and Sidney W. Fu
Gastric electrical stimulation with Enterra therapy improves symptoms of idiopathic gastroparesis., Richard W. McCallum, Irene Sarosiek, H. P. Parkaman, William J.S. Snape, Frederick J. Brody, J. Wo, and Thomas V. Nowak
Academic and professional career outcomes of medical school graduates who failed USMLE Step 1 on the first attempt, Leon McDougle, Brian E. Mavis, Donna B. Jeffe, Nicole K. Roberts, Kimberly Ephgrave, Heather L. Hageman, Monica L. Lypson, Lauree Thomas, and Dorothy A. Andriole
Higher plasma CXCL12 levels predict incident myocardial infarction and death in chronic kidney disease: findings from the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study, Nehal N. Mehta, Gregory J. Matthews, Parasuram Krishnamoorthy, Rhia Shah, Catherine McLaughlin, Dominic S. Raj, and +18 additional authors
Association of cardiac troponin T with left ventricular structure and function in CKD, Rakesh K. Mishra, Yongmei Li, Christopher Defilippi, Michael J. Fischer, Wei Yang, Martin Keane, Jing Chen, Jiang He, Radhakrishna Kallem, Edward J. Horwitz, Mohammad Rafey, Dominic S. Raj, Alan S. Go, Michael G. Shlipak, and CRIC Study Investigators
Association of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide with left ventricular structure and function in chronic kidney disease (from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort [CRIC]), Rakesh K. Mishra, Yongmei Li, Ana C. Ricardo, Wei Yang, Martin Keane, Magdalena Cuevas, Robert Christenson, Christopher Defilippi, Jing Chen, Jiang He, Radhakrishna Kallem, Dominic S. Raj, Jeffrey R. Schelling, Jackson Wright, Alan S. Go, Michael G. Shilpak, and Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Investigators (other authors)
Nutrient intake in the GEICO multicenter trial: The effects of a multicomponent worksite intervention, S. Mishra, Neal D. Barnard, J. Gonzales, J. Xu, U. Agarwal, and S. Levin
A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a plant-based nutrition program to reduce body weight and cardiovascular risk in the corporate setting: The GEICO study, S. Mishra, J. Xu, U. Agarwal, J. Gonzales, S. Levin, and Neal D. Barnard
Nonpharmacologic control of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias using AV nodal fat pad stimulation in a young animal open heart surgical model, Jeffrey P. Moak, Marco A. Mercader, Dingchao He, Gregory Trachiotis, Joshua Langert, Andy Blicharz, Erin Montaque, Xiyan Li, Yao I. Cheng, Robert McCarter, Gene A. Bornzin, Gerard R. Martin, and Richard A. Jonas
Newly created animal model of human postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia., Jeffrey P. Moak, Marco Mercader, Dingchao He, T.K. Susheel Kumar, Gregory D. Trachiotis, Robert McCarter, and Richard A. Jonas
Massive, rapidly growing cardiac lymphoma with rare valvular involvement showing excellent response to chemotherapy, Amr Mohsen, Amir H. Najafi, Louise Zhou, Dalia A. Mobarek, Anita Aggarwal, Jehan El-Bayoumi, Michael D. Greenberg, and Federico E. Mordini
Massive, rapidly growing cardiac lymphoma with rare valvular involvement showing excellent response to chemotherapy, Amr Mohsen, Amir H. Najafi, Louise Zhou, Dalia A. Mobarek, Anita Aggarwal, Jehan El-Bayoumi, Michael D. Greenberg, and Federico E. Mordini
Mitigating GI risks associated with the use of NSAIDs, Mahnaz Momeni and James D. Katz
Erratum to: Monitoring intracellular, interstitial, and intravascular volume changes during fluid management procedures., Leslie D. Montgomery, Wayne A. Gerth, Richard W. Montgomery, Susie Q. Lew, Michael M. Klein, Julian M. Stewart, Marvin S. Medow, and Manuel T. Velasquez
Monitoring intracellular, interstitial, and intravascular volume changes during fluid management procedures, Leslie D. Montgomery, Wayne A. Gerth, Richard W. Montgomery, Susie Q. Lew, Michael M. Klein, Julian M. Stewart, and Manuel T. Velasquez
Tivozanib versus sorafenib as initial targeted therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: Results from a phase III trial, Robert J. Motzer, Dmitry Nosov, Timothy Eisen, Igor Bondarenko, Vladimir Lesovoy, Oleg Lipatov, Piotr Tomczak, Oleksiy Lyulko, Anna Alyasova, Mihai Harza, Mikhail Kogan, Boris Y. Alekseev, Cora N. Sternberg, Cezary Szczylik, David Cella, Cristina Ivanescu, Andrew Krivoshik, Andrew Strahs, Brooke Esteves, Anna Berkenblit, and Thomas E. Hutson
Diagnostic error - Mini review and case report of patient death resulting from delayed diagnosis of acute prostatitis, Dragica K. Mrkoci and Katherine C. Chretien
The implementation of dietary approaches in hyperuricemic individuals: Alternatives to drug therapy to decrease serum uric acid, Sara D. Murray, Amisha Mehta, and Mikhail Kogan
[The microbial spectrum of urine and bladder bioptic samples in women with chronic recurrent cystitis]., I. L. Naboka, I. A. Gudima, M. I. Kogan, K. S. Ibishev, and M. L. Chernitskaia
[Role of nonclostridial anaerobes in the development of infectious and inflammatory diseases of the urinary and reproductive systems]., I. L. Naboka, M. I. Kogan, I. A. Gudima, M. L. Tchernitskaia, K. S. Ibishev, A. V. Khasigov, and E. V. Mitusova
Tetralogy of fallot and aortic root dilation: A long-term outlook, Christian D. Nagy, Diane E. Alejo, Mary C. Corretti, William J. Ravekes, Jane E. Crosson, Philip J. Spevak, Richard Ringel, Kathryn A. Carson, Sara Khalil, Harry C. Dietz, Duke E. Cameron, Luca A. Vricella, Thomas A. Traill, and Kathryn W. Holmes
Percutaneous circulatory support for biventricular failure, Christian D. Nagy, Marwan F. Jumean, Duc Thinh Pham, Michael S. Kiernan, David Denofrio, and Navin K. Kapur
Addressing language barriers to healthcare in India, Lalit Narayan
Myocarditis after Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole Treatment for Ehrlichiosis, Seema U. Nayak and Gary L. Simon
Induction of MRSA biofilm by low-dose β-Lactam antibiotics: Specificity, prevalence and dose-response effects, Mandy Ng, Samuel B. Epstein, Mary T. Callahan, Brian O. Piotrowski, Gary L. Simon, Afsoon D. Roberts, John F. Keiser, and Jeffrey B. Kaplan
Diseases of the stomach in the aged, Huy Nguyen, Raziuddin Ali, Joshua Barocas, and Marie L. Borum
Lack of allergenic soy in intralipid for total parenteral nutrition, Richard A. Nicklas
Communicating about spiritual issues with cancer patients, Lorenzo Norris, Kathryn Walseman, and Christina M. Puchalski
Communicating about Spiritual Issues with Cancer Patients, Lorenzo Norris, Kathryn Walseman, and Christina M. Puchalski
Statins modulate the mortality risk associated with obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness in diabetics, Eric S. Nylen, Charles O. Faselis, Raya Kheirbek, Jonathan Myers, Demosthenes Panagiotakos, and John Peter Kokkinos
First report of warfarin dose requirements in patients possessing the CYP2C9*12 allele, Travis J. O'Brien, Robert S. Kidd, Craig A.H. Richard, Ngoc Han Ha, Preston Witcher, Linda V. Tran, April Barbour, Matthew Tuck, Samantha D. McIntosh, Jacqueline N. Douglas, and Arthur F. Harralson
Exercise-induced bronchospasm, asthma control, and obesity, Nancy K. Ostrom, Jonathan P. Parsons, Nemr S. Eid, Timothy J. Craig, Stuart Stoloff, Mary Lou Hayden, and Gene L. Colice
Pertuzumab: evolving therapeutic strategies in the management of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer., Ciara C. O'Sullivan and Sandra M. Swain
Approval and withdrawal of new antibiotics and other anti-infectives in the U.S., 1980-2009, Kevin Outterson, John H. Powers, Enrique Seoane-Vazquez, Rosa Rodriguez-Monguio, and Aaron S. Kesselheim
Procalcitonin beyond the acute phase: Novel biomediator properties?, Carolina Panico and Eric S. Nylen
Inducible Myocardial Ischemia and Outcomes in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease and Left Ventricular Dysfunction., Julio A. Panza, Thomas A. Holly, Federico Asch, Lilin She, Patricia A. Pellikka, Eric J. Velazquez, Kerry L. Lee, Salvador Borges-Neto, Pedro S. Farsky, Robert H. Jones, Daniel S. Berman, and Robert O. Bonow
End-stage renal disease is associated with worse outcomes in hospitalized patients with peptic ulcer bleeding., Sravanthi Parasa, Sankar D. Navaneethan, Arun R.M. Sridhar, Preethi G.K. Venkatesh, and Kevin Olden
APOL1 risk variants, race, and progression of chronic kidney disease, Afshin Parsa, W.H. Linda Kao, Dawei Xie, Brad C. Astor, Man Li, Chi-Yuan Hsu, Harold I. Feldman, Rulan S. Parekh, John W. Kusek, Tom H. Greene, Jeffrey C. Fink, Amanda H. Anderson, Michael J. Choi, Jackson T. Wright Jr., James P. Lash, Barry I. Freedman, Akinlolu Ojo, Cheryl A. Winkler, Dominic S. Raj, and Jeffrey B. Kopp
Treating pain to improve quality of life in end-stage renal disease, Samir S. Patel
Mobilizing your medications: An automated medication reminder application for mobile phones and hypertension medication adherence in a high-risk urban popualtion, Samir S. Patel, Laura Jacobus-Kantor, Lorraine Marshall, Clark Ritchie, Michelle Kaplinski, Parvinder S. Khurana, and Richard Katz
Comparison of adverse outcomes after contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention in women versus men with acute coronary syndrome., Lakshmana K. Pendyala, Rebecca Torguson, Joshua P. Loh, Hironori Kitabata, Sa'ar Minha, Salem Badr, Danny Dvir, Israel M. Barbash, Lowell F. Satler, Augusto D. Pichard, and Ron Waksman
Risk factors for atrial fibrillation and their population burden in postmenopausal women: The Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, Marco V. Perez, Paul J. Wang, Joseph C. Larson, Elsayed Z. Soliman, Marian Limacher, Beatriz Rodriguez, Liviu Klein, Joann E. Manson, Lisa W. Martin, Ronald Prineas, Stephanie Connelly, Mark Hlatky, Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller, and Marcia L. Stefanick
Complications after 90Y microsphere radioembolization for unresectable hepatic tumors: An evaluation of 112 patients, Jennifer L. Peterson, Laura A. Vallow, Douglas W. Johnson, Michael G. Heckman, Nancy N. Diehl, Ashley A. Smith, Katherine S. Tzou, Ricardo Paz-Fumagalli, Siyong Kim, Stephen J. Ko, Larry C. Daugherty, George P. Kim, Norman Brown, Kurt W. Mori, and Steven J. Buskirk
Heart rate at rest, exercise capacity, and mortality risk in veterans, Andreas Pittaras, Charles O. Faselis, Michael N. Doumas, Jonathan Myers, Raya Kheirbek, John Peter Kokkinos, Apostolos Tsimploulis, Monica Aiken, and Peter F. Kokkinos
A Decade of Reversal: An Analysis of 146 Contradicted Medical Practices., Vinay Prasad, Andrae Vandross, Caitlin Toomey, Michael Cheung, Jason Rho, Steven Quinn, Satish J. Chacko, Durga Borkar, Victor Gall, Senthil Selvaraj, Nancy Ho, and Adam Cifu