Prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in US adults, 1999-2018

Authors

• Huzaifa Ahmad Cheema, Department of Cardiology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.
• Abia Shahid, Department of Cardiology, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan.
• Saad Ur Rahman, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Burlington, MA, USA.
• Khurram Nasir, Division of Cardiovascular Prevention and Wellness, Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA.
• Jaideep Patel, Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
• Anandita Kulkarni, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Cardiovascular Division, Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital - Plano, Plano, TX, USA.
• Janani Rangaswami, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
• Sarju Ganatra, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Burlington, MA, USA.
• Sourbha S. Dani, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Beth Israel Lahey Health, Burlington, MA, USA.

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

4-1-2026

Journal

American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice

Volume

64

DOI

10.1016/j.ahjo.2026.100742

Keywords

CKM syndrome; Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome; Mortality; Prevalence

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a novel staging construct that reflects the pathophysiological interplay between these individual conditions. The long-term trends in the prevalence of CKM syndrome in the US have not been well characterized. METHODS: This serial cross-sectional study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) to define CKM stages from 0 (no risk factors) to 4 (clinical CVD). Participants younger than 20 years, pregnant patients, and those with missing mortality data and NHANES fasting subsample weights were excluded. We calculated the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of each stage and its trends. Survey-weighted Cox regression was used to estimate the mortality risk with each stage. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKM syndrome at each stage was as follows: stage 0, 11.9%; stage 1, 24.9%; stage 2, 49.1%; stage 3, 4.6%; and stage 4, 9.5%. The prevalence of CKM stages 0 and 4 decreased between 1999 and 2018, but that of CKM stages 1 and 3 increased. The risk of all-cause and CVD mortality showed a graded increase from stage 1 to 4 compared to stage 0 (HRs for all-cause death in stage 4 = 2.87, 95% CI: 1.98-4.17, and CVD death = 4.68, 95% CI: 1.95-11.26). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly 90% of US adults have Stage 1 or higher CKM syndrome, and CKM stage is associated with graded mortality risk. Metabolic abnormalities explain the largest share of the mortality gradient, suggesting that population and clinical strategies focused on metabolic risk reduction should be prioritized to reduce CKM-related mortality.

APA Citation

Cheema, Huzaifa Ahmad; Shahid, Abia; Rahman, Saad Ur; Nasir, Khurram; Patel, Jaideep; Kulkarni, Anandita; Rangaswami, Janani; Ganatra, Sarju; and Dani, Sourbha S., "Prevalence and mortality of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in US adults, 1999-2018" (2026). GW Authored Works. Paper 9155.
https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/9155

Department

Medicine