Advancing EAE Modeling: Establishment of a Non-Pertussis Immunization Protocol for Multiple Sclerosis

Authors

• Shruti Gupta, Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
• Sreejita Arnab, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
• Elena Stehle, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
• Kayla L. Nguyen, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

2-5-2026

Journal

Bio-protocol

Volume

16

Issue

3

DOI

10.21769/BioProtoc.5589

Keywords

Ataxia; EAE; Multiple sclerosis; Neuropathic pain; Non-PTX EAE; Pertussis toxin (PTX)

Abstract

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used rodent model of multiple sclerosis (MS), typically induced with pertussis toxin (PTX) to achieve robust disease onset. However, PTX has been shown to exert broad immunomodulatory effects that include disruption of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, altered T-cell response, and exogenous suppression of regulatory T cells, all of which are not present in human MS pathophysiology. Moreover, PTX also obscures the sex differences observed in MS, limiting the translational value of EAE models that rely on it. Given EAE's widespread use in preclinical therapeutic testing, there is a critical need for a model that better recapitulates both clinical and immunological features of MS without PTX-induced confounds. Here, we demonstrate a non-pertussis toxin (non-PTX) EAE model in C57BL/6 mice, using optimized concentrations of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide. This model recapitulates hallmark features of MS that include demyelination, neuroinflammation, motor deficits, and neuropathic pain. Importantly, it retains sex-specific differences in disease onset and pathology, providing a more physiologically and clinically relevant platform for mechanistic and translational MS research. Key features • Establishes a reproducible clinically relevant EAE protocol in C57BL/6 mice that induces MS-like neurological deficits without pertussis toxin. • Recapitulates hallmark MS pathology, including neuroinflammation, demyelination, axonal injury, and neuropathic pain. • Eliminates the off-target effects of pertussis toxin, which confound GPCR-mediated signaling, T-cell responses, and neuroimmune interactions.

APA Citation

Gupta, Shruti; Arnab, Sreejita; Stehle, Elena; and Nguyen, Kayla L., "Advancing EAE Modeling: Establishment of a Non-Pertussis Immunization Protocol for Multiple Sclerosis" (2026). GW Authored Works. Paper 8744.
https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/8744

Department

Anatomy and Regenerative Biology