Translation and Adaptation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised and Rugged Resilience Measure: A Mixed-Method Study Among Adolescents in Nepal

Authors

• Rakesh Singh, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal. rakesh.singh@kcl.ac.uk.
• Kia-Chong Chua, Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Sagun Ballav Pant, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Rajesh Paudel, Program Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Kamal Gautam, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Nagendra Prasad Luitel, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Emily Garman, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
• Georgia Eleftheriou, Center for Global Mental Health Equity, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA.
• Syed Shabab Wahid, Department of Global Health, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C, USA.
• Brandon A. Kohrt, Center for Global Mental Health Equity, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA.
• Philip Jefferies, Mayo Campus, Atlantic Technological University, Castlebar, Ireland.
• Mark J. Jordans, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service & Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
• Crick Lund, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service & Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

12-5-2025

Journal

Child psychiatry and human development

DOI

10.1007/s10578-025-01944-x

Keywords

Adaptation; Adolescents; Nepal; Psychological; Resilience

Abstract

Resilience, the capacity to adapt positively in adversity, is a key protective factor for adolescent well-being, particularly for depression and anxiety, which are highly prevalent among adolescents in Nepal. Accurate measurement across cultural contexts is essential to identify at-risk adolescents and understand protective mechanisms. This study culturally adapted and evaluated the psychometric properties of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R) and Rugged Resilience Measure (RRM) in Nepal to ensure cultural relevance, reliability, and validity. This mixed-method study focused on poverty-affected adolescents in Kathmandu, using focus group discussions, cognitive interviews, pilot assessments, and a cross-sectional survey. The findings indicated Nepali versions of CYRM-R and RRM were acceptable, comprehensible, and relevant based on qualitative feedback. Most items showed item-total correlations between 0.2 and 0.5, indicating good discrimination, and internal consistency was satisfactory (α and ω > 0.7). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure, with an alternative two-factor solution explored for CYRM-R. Test-retest reliability was moderate overall, with some subscales less consistent. Both tools demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including face, content, convergent, and known-groups validity. The Nepali CYRM-R and RRM provide culturally robust tools for assessing adolescent resilience, supporting researchers, educators, and policymakers in designing targeted interventions.

APA Citation

Singh, Rakesh; Chua, Kia-Chong; Pant, Sagun Ballav; Paudel, Rajesh; Gautam, Kamal; Luitel, Nagendra Prasad; Garman, Emily; Eleftheriou, Georgia; Wahid, Syed Shabab; Kohrt, Brandon A.; Jefferies, Philip; Jordans, Mark J.; and Lund, Crick, "Translation and Adaptation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised and Rugged Resilience Measure: A Mixed-Method Study Among Adolescents in Nepal" (2025). GW Authored Works. Paper 8433.
https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/8433

Department

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences