Translation and Adaptation of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised and Rugged Resilience Measure: A Mixed-Method Study Among Adolescents in Nepal

Rakesh Singh, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal. rakesh.singh@kcl.ac.uk.
Kia-Chong Chua, Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Sagun Ballav Pant, Department of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Rajesh Paudel, Program Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kamal Gautam, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Nagendra Prasad Luitel, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal, Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Emily Garman, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
Georgia Eleftheriou, Center for Global Mental Health Equity, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA.
Syed Shabab Wahid, Department of Global Health, School of Health, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C, USA.
Brandon A. Kohrt, Center for Global Mental Health Equity, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Health, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C, USA.
Philip Jefferies, Mayo Campus, Atlantic Technological University, Castlebar, Ireland.
Mark J. Jordans, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service & Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Crick Lund, Centre for Global Mental Health, Health Service & Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

12-5-2025

Journal

Child psychiatry and human development

DOI

10.1007/s10578-025-01944-x

Keywords

Adaptation; Adolescents; Nepal; Psychological; Resilience

Abstract

Resilience, the capacity to adapt positively in adversity, is a key protective factor for adolescent well-being, particularly for depression and anxiety, which are highly prevalent among adolescents in Nepal. Accurate measurement across cultural contexts is essential to identify at-risk adolescents and understand protective mechanisms. This study culturally adapted and evaluated the psychometric properties of the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R) and Rugged Resilience Measure (RRM) in Nepal to ensure cultural relevance, reliability, and validity. This mixed-method study focused on poverty-affected adolescents in Kathmandu, using focus group discussions, cognitive interviews, pilot assessments, and a cross-sectional survey. The findings indicated Nepali versions of CYRM-R and RRM were acceptable, comprehensible, and relevant based on qualitative feedback. Most items showed item-total correlations between 0.2 and 0.5, indicating good discrimination, and internal consistency was satisfactory (α and ω > 0.7). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a unidimensional structure, with an alternative two-factor solution explored for CYRM-R. Test-retest reliability was moderate overall, with some subscales less consistent. Both tools demonstrated strong psychometric properties, including face, content, convergent, and known-groups validity. The Nepali CYRM-R and RRM provide culturally robust tools for assessing adolescent resilience, supporting researchers, educators, and policymakers in designing targeted interventions.

Department

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences

Link to Full Text

Share

COinS