Explaining subgroup findings using spline regression: Risk of kidney failure in patients with heart failure and normal kidney function receiving RAS inhibitors

Authors

• Samir S. Patel, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
• Paul A. Heidenreich, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
• Charity J. Morgan, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
• Charles Faselis, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Uniformed Services University, Washington, DC, USA.
• Sijian Zhang, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
• Wen-Chih Wu, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA; Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
• Phillip H. Lam, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
• Carlos E. Palant, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
• Qing Zeng-Treitler, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
• Gregg C. Fonarow, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
• Ali Ahmed, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: ali.ahmed@va.gov.

Document Type

Letter to the Editor

Publication Date

11-10-2025

Journal

The American journal of medicine

DOI

10.1016/j.amjmed.2025.10.002

APA Citation

Patel, Samir S.; Heidenreich, Paul A.; Morgan, Charity J.; Faselis, Charles; Zhang, Sijian; Wu, Wen-Chih; Lam, Phillip H.; Palant, Carlos E.; Zeng-Treitler, Qing; Fonarow, Gregg C.; and Ahmed, Ali, "Explaining subgroup findings using spline regression: Risk of kidney failure in patients with heart failure and normal kidney function receiving RAS inhibitors" (2025). GW Authored Works. Paper 8112.
https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/8112

Department

Medicine