Facilitators in treatment pathways for depression or anxiety among adults in Nepal: a qualitative study

Authors

Nagendra P. Luitel, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal. luitelnp@gmail.com.
Bishnu Lamichhane, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kavita Sah, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Baidahee Basnet, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Poonam Sainju, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Kamal Gautam, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Brandon A. Kohrt, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Mark J. Jordans, Research Department, Transcultural Psychosocial Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal), Baluwatar, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

6-2-2025

Journal

BMC public health

Volume

25

Issue

1

DOI

10.1186/s12889-025-23225-x

Keywords

Depression and anxiety; Facilitators; Nepal; Treatment pathway

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety are prevalent mental health issues globally, yet many individuals in low- and middle-income countries lack access to treatment. Limited research exists on mental health service utilization in these regions. Understanding the factors that affect access to care and treatment pathways can improve mental health services. This study examines the factors that facilitate the initiation and continuation of treatment for depression or anxiety in Nepal. METHODS: The study was conducted in three districts in Nepal: Jhapa, Chitwan, and Kailali districts, representing the eastern, central, and far-western regions. The participants were adults receiving treatment for depression or anxiety from various healthcare providers. A total of 24 participants were purposively recruited, including 13 with symptoms of depression, 9 with symptoms of anxiety, and 2 with both conditions. We utilized the McGill Illness Narrative Interview, a semi-structured protocol commonly used in mental health research, to collect detailed narratives on symptom experiences, illness accounts, and help-seeking behaviors. Data analysis was performed using a framework and thematic analysis approach with NVIVO software. RESULTS: Treatment pathways for depression and anxiety in Nepal are complex, involving multiple service providers and recurrent treatment from the same providers. Out of a total of 137 sessions across 24 patients, the majority of sessions were with traditional faith healers (27.7%), followed by private hospitals (19.7%), primary healthcare facilities (16.1%), government hospitals (13.1%), neighboring countries (11.7%), and private clinics (8.0%). Traditional healers were the most popular choice for initial visits, followed by private clinics and government hospitals. Factors such as service quality, provider behavior, availability of trained providers, appointment process, confidentiality, and types of services offered influenced care-seeking decisions. Support from family or friends, awareness of mental health issues, and recommendations from trusted individuals also played a significant role. CONCLUSION: Treatment pathways for depression and anxiety disorders are complex, often involving multiple sessions with various service providers and a combination of services. It is crucial to improve healthcare providers' behavior, appointment scheduling, and consultation quality to encourage individuals to seek care. Raising awareness about mental health conditions and available services through different channels and training traditional healers in mental health could help enhance access to care.

APA Citation

Luitel, Nagendra P.; Lamichhane, Bishnu; Sah, Kavita; Basnet, Baidahee; Sainju, Poonam; Gautam, Kamal; Kohrt, Brandon A.; and Jordans, Mark J., "Facilitators in treatment pathways for depression or anxiety among adults in Nepal: a qualitative study" (2025). GW Authored Works. Paper 7471.
https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/7471

Department

Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences