Trends and disparities in the utilization of influenza vaccines among commercially insured US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

Authors

Kun Li, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States. Electronic address: kli50@gwu.edu.
Tianzhou Yu, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Economics, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
Seth A. Seabury, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Economics, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Leonard D. Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, United States.
Avi Dor, Department of Health Policy and Management, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States; National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Cambridge, MA, United States. Electronic address: avidor@gwu.edu.

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

4-26-2022

Journal

Vaccine

Volume

40

Issue

19

DOI

10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.058

Keywords

COVID-19; Health Disparity; Influenza; Vaccination

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Little is known about how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic affected influenza vaccine utilization and disparities. We sought to estimate changes in the likelihood of receiving an influenza vaccine across different demographic subgroups during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In this cohort study, we analyzed influenza vaccine uptake from 2019 to 2020 using Optum commercial insurance claims data. Eligible individuals were aged 18 or above in 2018 and continuously enrolled from 08/01/2018 through 12/31/2020. Multivariable logistic regressions were fitted for the individual-level influenza vaccine uptake. Adjusting for demographic factors and medical histories, we estimated probabilities of receiving influenza vaccines before and after the COVID-19 pandemic across demographic subgroups. RESULTS: From August to December 2019, unadjusted influenza vaccination rate was 42.3%, while in the same period of 2020, the vaccination rate increased to 45.9%. Females had a higher vaccination rate in 2019 (OR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.15-1.16), but the increase was larger for males. Blacks and Hispanics had lower vaccination rates relative to whites in both flu seasons. Hispanics showed a greater increase in vaccination rate, increasing by 7.8 percentage points (p < .001) compared to 4.4 (p < .001) for whites. The vaccination rate for Blacks increased by 5.2 percentage points (p < .001). All income groups experienced vaccination improvements, but poorer individuals had lower vaccination rates in both seasons. The most profound disparities occurred when educational cohort were considered. The vaccination rate increased among college-educated enrollees by 8.8 percentage points (p < .001) during the pandemic compared to an increase of 2.8 percentage points (p < .001) for enrollees with less than a 12th grade education. Past influenza infections or vaccination increased the likelihood of vaccination (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with increased influenza vaccine utilization. Disparities persisted but narrowed with respect to gender and race but worsened with respect to income and educational attainment.

APA Citation

Li, Kun; Yu, Tianzhou; Seabury, Seth A.; and Dor, Avi, "Trends and disparities in the utilization of influenza vaccines among commercially insured US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic" (2022). GW Authored Works. Paper 744.
https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/744

Department

Health Policy and Management