Successful management of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an adolescent with newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS and histoplasmosis

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

6-6-2024

Journal

BMJ case reports

Volume

17

Issue

6

DOI

10.1136/bcr-2024-260060

Keywords

Dermatology; HIV / AIDS; Haematology (incl blood transfusion); Infectious diseases; Paediatrics

Abstract

Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare and life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterised by persistent fevers, cytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly and systemic inflammation. Secondary HLH can be triggered by various aetiologies including infections, malignancies and autoimmune conditions. We highlight the complexity of HLH diagnosis and management by describing a case of an adolescent Salvadoran immigrant with HLH, newly diagnosed HIV, and disseminated histoplasmosis. The patient presented with neurological and ocular findings along with persistent fevers and cytopenia. He was diagnosed with HLH and treated with anakinra in addition to receiving treatment for HIV, and histoplasmosis. The patient's HLH resolved without corticosteroids or chemotherapy, which are considered the mainstays for HLH treatment. This case underscores the need for the evaluation and management of multiple infections and individualised management in patients presenting with HLH to achieve favourable outcomes.

Department

Pediatrics

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