Cocaethylene, simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use, and liver fibrosis in people living with and without HIV
Document Type
Journal Article
Publication Date
3-1-2022
Journal
Drug and alcohol dependence
Volume
232
DOI
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109273
Keywords
Cocaethylene; Cocaine; Liver disease; Liver fibrosis; Substance abuse
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The simultaneous consumption of cocaine and alcohol results in the production of cocaethylene (CE) in the liver, a highly toxic metabolite. Prior research suggests that cocaine use contributes to liver disease and its concomitant use with alcohol may increase its hepatotoxicity, but studies in humans are lacking. We evaluated the role of cocaine, its simultaneous use with alcohol, and CE on liver fibrosis. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. Cocaine use was determined via self-report, urine screen, and blood metabolites, using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Hazardous drinking was determined with the AUDIT-C and liver fibrosis with the Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4). RESULTS: Out of 649 participants included in this analysis, 281 (43.3%) used cocaine; of those, 78 (27.8%) had CE in blood. Cocaine users with CE had higher concentrations of cocaine metabolites in blood and were more likely to drink hazardously than cocaine users without CE and cocaine non-users. Overall, cocaine use was associated with liver fibrosis. CE in blood was associated with 3.17 (95% CI: 1.61, 6.23; p = 0.0008) times the odds of liver fibrosis compared to cocaine non-users, adjusting for covariates including HIV and HCV infection. The effect of CE on liver fibrosis was significantly greater than that of cocaine or alcohol alone. CONCLUSIONS: CE is a reliable marker of simultaneous use of cocaine and alcohol that may help identify individuals at risk of liver disease and aid in the prevention of its development or progression.
APA Citation
Tamargo, Javier A.; Sherman, Kenneth E.; Sékaly, Rafick-Pierre; Bordi, Rebeka; Schlatzer, Daniela; Lai, Shenghan; Khalsa, Jag H.; Mandler, Raul N.; Ehman, Richard L.; and Baum, Marianna K., "Cocaethylene, simultaneous alcohol and cocaine use, and liver fibrosis in people living with and without HIV" (2022). GW Authored Works. Paper 185.
https://hsrc.himmelfarb.gwu.edu/gwhpubs/185
Department
Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine