Does Emotional Distress Predict Worse Glycemic Control Over Time? Results From the Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE)

Andrea L. Cherrington, General Internal and Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL.
Ionut Bebu, Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.
Heidi Krause-Steinrauf, Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.
Claire J. Hoogendoorn, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY.
Gladys Crespo-Ramos, Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
Caroline Presley, Division of Preventative Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL.
Aanand D. Naik, University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX.
Ashok Balasubramanyam, University of Texas Health Science Center (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX.
Michaela R. Gramzinski, Biostatistics Center, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Rockville, MD.
Tina Killean, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, AZ.
Valerie L. Arends, Advanced Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY.

Document Type

Journal Article

Publication Date

4-1-2024

Journal

Diabetes care

Volume

47

Issue

4

DOI

10.2337/dc23-0642

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether baseline levels of depressive symptoms and diabetes-specific distress are associated with glycemic control in Glycemia Reduction Approaches in Diabetes: A Comparative Effectiveness Study (GRADE), a large randomized controlled trial comparing the metabolic effects of four common glucose-lowering medications when combined with metformin in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The primary and secondary outcomes were defined as an HbA1c value ≥7%, subsequently confirmed, and an HbA1c value >7.5%, subsequently confirmed, respectively. Separate Cox proportional hazards models assessed the association between baseline levels of each exposure of interest (depressive symptoms measured with the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire and diabetes distress measured with the Diabetes Distress Scale) and the subsequent risk of metabolic outcomes. RESULTS: This substudy included 1,739 participants (56% of whom were non-Hispanic White, 18% non-Hispanic Black, 17% Hispanic, and 68% male; mean [SD] age 58.0 [10.2] years, diabetes duration 4.2 [2.8] years, and HbA1c 7.5% [0.48%]). A total of 1,157 participants reached the primary outcome, with time to event of 2.1 years on average, while 738 participants reached the secondary outcome at 3 years on average. With adjustment for sex, race/ethnicity, treatment group, baseline age, duration of T2DM, BMI, and HbA1c, there were no significant associations between the depressive symptoms or diabetes distress and the subsequent risk of the primary or secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings suggest that, at least for individuals with diabetes of relatively short duration, baseline levels of emotional distress are not associated with glycemic control over time.

Department

Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

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